Dr Helmenstine posiada doktorat w naukach biomedycznych. Jest pisarzem, pedagogiem i konsultantem. Prowadziła kursy ścisłe na poziomie szkoły średniej, college'u i absolwenta.
Numer |
Element |
Wartościowość |
1 |
Wodór |
(-1), +1 |
2 |
Hel |
0 |
3 |
Lit |
+1 |
4 |
Beryl |
+2 |
5 |
Bor |
-3, +3 |
6 |
Węgiel |
(+2), +4 |
7 |
Azot |
-3, -2, -1, (+1), +2, +3, +4, +5 |
8 |
Tlen |
-2 |
9 |
Fluor |
-1, (+1) |
10 |
Neon |
0 |
11 |
Sód |
+1 |
12 |
Magnez |
+2 |
13 |
Aluminium |
+3 |
14 |
Krzem |
-4, (+2), +4 |
15 |
Fosfor |
-3, +1, +3, +5 |
16 |
Siarka |
-2, +2, +4, +6 |
17 |
Chlor |
-1, +1, (+2), +3, (+4), +5, +7 |
18 |
Argon |
0 |
19 |
Potas |
+1 |
20 |
Wapń |
+2 |
21 |
Scandium |
+3 |
22 |
Tytan |
+2, +3, +4 |
23 |
Wanad |
+2, +3, +4, +5 |
24 |
Chrom |
+2, +3, +6 |
25 |
Mangan |
+2, (+3), +4, (+6), +7 |
26 |
Żelazo |
+2, +3, (+4), (+6) |
27 |
Kobalt |
+2, +3, (+4) |
28 |
Nikiel |
(+1), +2, (+3), (+4) |
29 |
Miedź |
+1, +2, (+3) |
30 |
Cynk |
+2 |
31 |
Gal |
(+2). +3 |
32 |
German |
-4, +2, +4 |
33 |
Arsen |
-3, (+2), +3, +5 |
34 |
Selen |
-2, (+2), +4, +6 |
35 |
Brom |
-1, +1, (+3), (+4), +5 |
36 |
Krypton |
0 |
37 |
Rubid |
+1 |
38 |
Stront |
+2 |
39 |
Itr |
+3 |
40 |
Cyrkon |
(+2), (+3), +4 |
41 |
Niob |
(+2), +3, (+4), +5 |
42 |
Molibden |
(+2), +3, (+4), (+5), +6 |
43 |
Technetu |
+6 |
44 |
Ruten |
(+2), +3, +4, (+6), (+7), +8 |
45 |
Rod |
(+2), (+3), +4, (+6) |
46 |
Paladium |
+2, +4, (+6) |
47 |
Srebro |
+1, (+2), (+3) |
48 |
Kadm |
(+1), +2 |
49 |
Ind |
(+1), (+2), +3 |
50 |
Cyna |
+2, +4 |
51 |
Antymon |
-3, +3, (+4), +5 |
52 |
Tellur |
-2, (+2), +4, +6 |
53 |
Jod |
-1, +1, (+3), (+4), +5, +7 |
54 |
Ksenon |
0 |
55 |
Cez |
+1 |
56 |
Bar |
+2 |
57 |
Lantan |
+3 |
58 |
Cer |
+3, +4 |
59 |
Praseodym |
+3 |
60 |
Neodym |
+3, +4 |
61 |
Prometium |
+3 |
62 |
Samar |
(+2), +3 |
63 |
Europ |
(+2), +3 |
64 |
Gadolin |
+3 |
65 |
Terb |
+3, +4 |
66 |
Dysproz |
+3 |
67 |
Holm |
+3 |
68 |
Erb |
+3 |
69 |
Tul |
(+2), +3 |
70 |
Iterb |
(+2), +3 |
71 |
Lutet |
+3 |
72 |
Hafn |
+4 |
73 |
Tantal |
(+3), (+4), +5 |
74 |
Wolfram |
(+2), (+3), (+4), (+5), +6 |
75 |
Ren |
(-1), (+1), +2, (+3), +4, (+5), +6, +7 |
76 |
Osm |
(+2), +3, +4, +6, +8 |
77 |
Iryd |
(+1), (+2), +3, +4, +6 |
78 |
Platyna |
(+1), +2, (+3), +4, +6 |
79 |
Złoto |
+1, (+2), +3 |
80 |
Rtęć |
+1, +2 |
81 |
Tal |
+1, (+2), +3 |
82 |
Prowadzić |
+2, +4 |
83 |
Bizmut |
(-3), (+2), +3, (+4), (+5) |
84 |
Polon |
(-2), +2, +4, (+6) |
85 |
Astatyna |
? |
86 |
Radon |
0 |
87 |
Francium |
? |
88 |
Rad |
+2 |
89 |
Aktyn |
+3 |
90 |
Tor |
+4 |
91 |
Protaktyn |
+5 |
92 |
Uran |
(+2), +3, +4, (+5), +6 |
Wystąpił błąd. Proszę spróbuj ponownie.